Nurse Managers Liabilities

Nurse Managers Liabilities

Nurse Managers Liabilitie

Nurse Managers Liabilities. Nurse Managers face common legal liabilities and must ensure some legal responsibilities for quality control of nursing practices at all unit levels, including duties or roles such as checking staff qualifications and credentials, reporting dangerous understaffing and carrying out appropriate discipline. Urden, Stacy and Lough (2015) reports that nurse managers may also be held responsible for seeing it that nurses or staff members know how to operate equipment safely. Besides, care standards as indicated in procedures and policies may pose legal liabilities for the nurse managers if procedures and policies are not effectively adhered to. Thus, the nurse manager is responsible or auditing as well as providing follow-up interventions or for delegating this responsibility of practice to other staff if the standard of due care is not adhered to or met. The command chain in reporting insufficient care by practitioners can also cause management legal liability if employees do not learn and adhere to proper protocols. This paper identifies the most common potential legal liabilities for nurse managers and ways to minimize them.

Nurse Managers are presented with multiple responsibilities in order to ensure that hospital institutions run properly and effectively. Under their watch, potential legal liabilities can occur, making their operations extremely difficult. According to Cadiz, Truxillo and O’Neill (2015), nurse managers have responsibilities to see that written policy, procedures and protocols are adhered to in order to minimize possible legal liabilities. Legal liabilities can occur due to negligence, malpractice, lack of due care and employing unqualified nurses. Therefore, nurse managers should report inappropriate substandard medical care, any communicable disease as described by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, elder and child abuse. Nurse Managers may be held legally responsible for product liabilities. This is because involving product negligence doesn’t have to be proved. Thus, this is a strict liability that is a fairly gray field of nursing practices. Therefore, if it can be proven that the product or equipment had defects that caused injuries, then legal liabilities may be debated in court by use of all the constituents essential for negligence. This is because equipment and products fall within the nursing responsibility scope. In other words, if a nurse manager is aware that equipment is faulty, he has the duty to refuse to use

According to Patton and Lewallen (2015), the risks in nursing management are same. Even though nurse managers supervise members of staff who can be held liable for their own nursing practices, their responsibility scope include ensuring full compliance with organizational procedures, protocols and policies, maintaining safe levels of staffing and enforce contemporary nursing practices. There are various potential liability sources for malpractice against nurse managers. Common potential legal liabilities for nurse managers occur through actions such as failure to supervise and train staff members effectively, negligent retention of impaired or incompetent workers, negligent hiring, and inappropriate assigning of employees.

Thus, nurse managers will be held liable for providing nursing employees with suitable resources, support, management and supervision to carry out their responsibilities or roles effectively. Negligent supervision can cause potential liability to nurse managers. Nurse Managers should make sure that patients have suitable care and that employees giving care have proper supervision. This is because if patients are injured and suspect that a nurse was not effectively supervised, they will allege negligent supervision. Negligent supervision liability is based upon the delegation of patient care to nurses who were incapable to perform care, failure to supervise the nurses who need necessary supervision, failure to take essential procedures to prevent patient injury, and inadequate staffing unit. For alleged negligent supervision, a nurse manager will be to the “reasonable, ordinary and prudent” standards (Ngo, Patel, Blake Waterhouse, Sanbar & Paterick, 2016).

According to Dunham-Taylor (2014), a nurse manager could be held liable for the actions of a nurse by description of an imputed liability. Vicarious or imputed liability states that a nurse manager may be accountable for hiring nurses to giving nursing services on behalf of them and their organizations. Therefore, if nurses are found guilty of providing negligent care, the hospital is possible to be held liable for the compensation. It is the duty of the nurse manager to ensure that the recruiting of competent employees and comprehensive orientation, as well as thorough supervision of all the staff members in order to minimize organizational liability.

The duty to manage staff nurses doesn’t require the nurse manager to know all possible injuries that patients may be exposed due to the negligence of staff nurses. However, nurse manager duty demands them to be aware of those unreasonable and foreseeable risks of injury that patients may be exposed to if the nurses don’t give care as specified through the act of omission and provide negligent care in acts of commission. The duty to manage nursing employees also requires managers to supervise them in a non-negligent approach. Negligent supervision can occur for failing to check on whether a nurse assigned to a patient is fulfilling his obligations diligently. The patient can file a case for negligence. The same patient may also allege that the nurse manager delegated his nursing car to an incompetent nurse to provide the care needed. A nurse manager legal liability for a negligent supervision allegation of failure to adhere to policies governing care can result in patient injury (Ngo et al, 2016). Therefore, a nurse manager role is not a higher responsibility of care in relation to staff nurses he or she manages. Thus, it is a different liability firm with different responsibilities.

Minimizing Legal Liabilities

The findings show that nurse managers are faced with common potential legal liabilities due to negligence, malpractices and management practices. As a nurse manager, there are different approaches to minimize potential legal liabilities. According to Dunham-Taylor (2014), a nurse manager can avoid potential liability for his role by underscoring the importance of preventing unreasonable and foreseeable risks to patients. Nurse Managers should follow sound risk-management to avoid potential liabilities. They should allow open communication with staff, patients and their families as well as fostering respect and trust for and with all nursing colleagues. They should also respond to patient and family concerns more sincerely and promptly. As a nurse manager, it is important to know the weaknesses and strengths of the nursing staff in order to assign and delegate patient care based on the strengths of the staff (Ngo, Patel, Paterick & Chandrasekaran, 2016). They should also provide more additional orientation and supervised patient experiences for improving patient care skills. They should ensure that nurses consistently adhere to the patient care procedures and policies. In addition, they should ensure that patient-care policies involve reflecting currently accepted practices through continuous performance appraisal and training.

Conclusion

In summary, nurse managers must understand areas of potential liability and approaches to minimize them. They should be able to protect the organization management competency by showing their enforcement of all the necessary education, training and hiring specifications. They should ensure continuous enforcement of procedures and policies associated with patient care. It should be apparent in the compliance rate with the completion of education requirements, annual competency, and job orientation and effective communication with all employees in regard to organizational practices and new policies and practices in the nursing field. Thus, nurse managers must know and follow the nurse practice act, policies and procedures and stay up to date in the nursing field. Future research should focus on product or equipment liability and how nurse managers should mitigate all the possible product liability as well as practices or policies to ensure safe and sufficient operations.

References

Cadiz, D. M., Truxillo, D. M., & O’Neill, C. (2015). Common risky behaviours checklist: A tool to assist nurse supervisors to assess unsafe practice. Journal of nursing management, 23(6), 794-802.

Dunham-Taylor, J. (2014). Financial Management for Nurse Managers-Merging the Heart with the Dollar. Jones & Bartlett Publishers.

Ngo, E., Patel, N., Blake Waterhouse MD, M. B. A., Sandy Sanbar, M. D., & Paterick, T. E. (2016). Professional liability pertinent to graduate medical education: the intersection of medical education, patient care, and law. The Journal of medical practice management: MPM, 31(4), 233.

Ngo, E., Patel, N., Paterick, T. E., & Chandrasekaran, K. (2016). Why Patients Sue Physicians: Risk Management Strategies. The Journal of medical practice management: MPM, 32(2), 134.

Patton, C. W., & Lewallen, L. P. (2015). Legal issues in clinical nursing education. Nurse educator, 40(3), 124-128.

Urden, L. D., Stacy, K. M., & Lough, M. E. (2015). Priorities in critical care nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences.

Nurse legal liabilities

Nurse legal liabilities. The American Nurses Association (ANA) has prescribed professional standards for nursing practice that place liability on registered nurses and nurse managers to uphold professional conduct and exemplify the highest level of profeAssional competence in practice (ANA, 2012). Besides, ANA stipulates that these standards are continuously updated to reflect the evolving circumstances in clinical practice. Since nursing attained the professional specialty practice, it has become necessary for nurse managers to comprehend the standards, guidelines and their legal liabilities in professional practice.

General definition of the topic and purpose of paper

Common legal liabilities for nurse managers refers to mandatory standards of care and professional codes of practice that all nurse managers must comply with in the performance of duties as health care administrators. This liability results from the different federal and state laws that govern the nursing profession. Since the enactment of The Nurse Protection Act (1975), civil and criminal cases against nurses for professional malpractice have been on the rise thus necessitating the need for research on the common legal liabilities of nurse managers. The research paper explores the common legal liabilities that nurse managers face in the course of their professional practice.

The legal liabilities of Nurse Managers

The legal liabilities of nurse managers have a direct impact on the quality of health care outcome. This is because the legal environment defines their professional duties, responsibilities as well as limits. Thus nurse managers have a liability to dispense their services within the confines of the legal definition of the nursing professional standards equivalent to their qualifications (ANA, 2012). Therefore it’s incumbent upon every nurse manager to understand these guidelines and the nursing standards of care while making professional judgment. These guidelines establish work limits for both the average nurse and nurse managers alike. The legal liabilities are derived from different state and federal laws that define how nursing practice ought to be conducted (Caroll, 2016). Other legal liabilities for nurse managers emanate from diverse government affiliated agencies such as Medicare. Therefore nurse managers can face possible civil or criminal liabilities as a result of their public or private practice. Therefore as administrators in the healthcare environments, nurse managers are legally obligated to understand all pertinent legal liabilities that they have towards the patient in the healthcare environment (Fiesta, 2013). The legal framework that comprise the standards of care for practicing nurses is broad and evolves in tandem with the transformation of the nursing environment. Since the classification of nursing as a specialty profession and subsequent enactment of nurse protection laws, cases of negligence and professional malpractice against nurses have continued to increase. Nurse Managers are therefore legally regarded as professionals who have specialty knowledge and advanced education and therefore are liable for professional misconduct or negligence of duty (Caroll, 2016).

Nurse Managers have a legal liability of ensuring that all cases of professional malpractice are well documented and promptly reported. Professional malpractice is defined as any form of professional misconduct or any act of omission or commission that can be classified as a breach of a nurse’s fiduciary responsibilities (Fiesta, 2013). Thus indirectly, nurse managers may be held liable for professional malpractice or negligence that happens under their leadership if it’s proved that they could have averted the situation had they acted professionally. While the individual nurse responsible for the misconduct will be held personally liable, a nurse manager’s role in relation to the incidence can be reviewed to ascertain any professional negligence that might have contributed to the commission or omission (Trott, 2011). Thus all nurse managers should understand all the causation aspects in a case of negligence. Based on the four facets of what constitutes professional negligence, nurse managers have a legal liability to perform all their legally mandated professional duties in accordance with the relevant standards of care. Secondly, the nurse manager can be legally liable for breach of duty or failure to uphold a local or national standard of care. Therefore, they must ensure that there exists no causal relationship between a nurse’s act of professional misconduct and their duty as healthcare managers (Caroll, 2016). If a causal relationship is established, then nurse managers will be held responsible for professional misconduct.

Nurse Managers have a legal liability to maintain a proper record of all patient care related events including breach of duty and other malpractices performed by nurses. Given their legal recognition as professionals, nurse managers have a liability of ensuring that they act reasonably based on the level of their professional qualification and in a manner that another qualified nurse manager would have done (Fiesta, 2013). They are legally mandated to employ the same level of professionalism in their practice as would have been done by an average nurse professional in a similar circumstance. Additionally, nurse managers are obligated to exercise utmost care in ensuring that patients are protected as much as possible from avoidable harm. Under the standards of care, all nurses are indebted to exemplify the same level of professional and academic qualification as others practicing in the same position (Trott, 2011). Still, nurses are legally liable for any cases of non-compliance corresponding to their educational and professional level. Thus nurse managers are liable for any failure to reflect a practice level that is commensurate with their education. For instance, an occupational nurse manager is legally liable for his failure to comply with the stipulated occupational health standards (Fiesta, 2013).

As healthcare administrators, nurse managers must be cognizant with the diverse federal and state laws relating to their specific area of practice. They must therefore comply with the relevant standards of care, since if a breach is established, they can be held legally responsible. These can occur as either acts of omission or commission. Nurse Managers must also document communication between physicians and nurses and report any failures that could amount to professional negligence for prompt corrective action. Documentation is a critical component of their administrative role and can be used by case managers to establish causation between the nurse’s action and the patient’s injury (Trott, 2011). Lack of documentation on the proximate cause or the link between the act and the injury can be interpreted as supervisory negligence of which the nurse manager should be liable for. If a direct causation is established between the nurse manager’s act or lack of it and the patient’s injury, then a legal liability would be imposed (Caroll, 2016). Nevertheless, the legal standard for ordinary nurses differs from that of advanced nurses due to their disparate educational requirements.

According to Fiesta (2013), The Privacy Act (1974) places legal liability upon nurse managers to ensure privacy of patient data both in storage, use and distribution. The HIPAA legal requirements obligate nurse managers to ensure that patients get access to their medical records within a maximum period of 30 days, failure to which they can face a law suit if a proximate causation is established. Besides, they can be liable for breach of the privacy act in the event of disclosure of a patient’s medical information and could face both civil and criminal charges (Trott, 2011). Still, nurse managers have a duty of ensuring that appropriate corrective action is taken against nurses who get negative peer reviews, failure to which they can be held liable for any future cases of malpractice by the same nurse if a causation is established (Fiesta, 2013). They must also ensure full adherence to all licensure and practice requirements, and frequently conduct and document peer reviews as required by their practice standards, failure to which they may be liable for breach of professional conduct under the Health Care Quality Improvement Act (1986). Another common legal liability for nurse managers is ensuring that patients receive written information pertaining to their absolute right to make their own medical care decisions, and specifically, decisions to do with their end-of-life (Caroll, 2016). Therefore nurse managers have a legal liability of ensuring that they operate within the scope of their professional practice in accordance with the professional practice regulations and licensure requirements. Lastly, they are legally mandated to report and document all cases of child or elder abuse that happen under their supervision (Trott, 2011).

Nurse Managers occupy a prominent position in the healthcare system. Due to their advanced nursing practice qualification, they handle policy and administrative duties within the healthcare environment. Subsequently, they are subject to various legal liabilities that emanate from the nursing standard of care and other professional codes of practice. Therefore, Nurse Managers must constantly acquaint themselves with the prevailing legal liabilities of their profession.

Need for future Research

The modern nursing environment is rapidly changing and so are the standards and statutory regulations that govern the profession. Therefore new statutes are constantly emerging while the existing ones are regularly modified to suit the prevailing needs of patients care. Therefore nurse managers must constantly research on the common legal liabilities of their profession as these are bound to change with time.

References

American Nurses Association. (2012). Nursing: Scope and standards of practice (3rd ed.). Silver Spring, MD: Author.

Carroll, R. (Eds.). (2016). Risk management handbook for health care organizations (4th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Fiesta, J. (2013). Labor law update–part 2. Nursing Management, 28(2), 20-1. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/231429491?accountid=45049

Trott, M. C. (2011). Legal issues for nurse managers. Nursing Management, 29(6), 38-41; quiz 42. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/231437199?accountid=4504

SKY GREEN

SKY GREENS Table of Contents

VISION, MISSION AND OBJECTIVE

COMPETITION IN THE INDUSTRY

Bargaining Power of Suppliers

Bargaining Power of Buyers

Substitute Products and Services

SKY GREENS VISION, MISSION AND OBJECTIVE

Sky Greens is world’s first low carbon, hydraulic driven vertical farm. Using green urban solutions to achieve production of safe, fresh and delicious vegetables, using minimal land, water and energy resources. Sky Greens is the innovation hub of its holding company, Sky Urban Solutions Holding Pte Ltd, where continuous innovation in next generation of urban agriculture solutions take place. Sky Greens is the innovator and builder of the world’s first low carbon hydraulic water-driven vertical farming system. This commitment towards innovative green urban solution marked the beginning of our journey in constantly re-inventing low carbon footprint agritech in fulfilling food supply security and food safety needs.

Ensuring food supply resilience is important to land-scarce city-states such as Singapore. Mr Jack Ng, Inventor and Founder of Sky Greens, has shown that the objective can be actualised by the creation of innovative green solutions such as a high-rise vertical farming system, to achieve significantly higher yields per unit area of land with minimal land, water and energy resources.Jack started experimenting with various prototypes as early as 2009 in the backyard of his aluminium factory. A Research Collaborative Agreement was signed with the Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority of Singapore (AVA) in April 2010 to formally structuralise cooperation (Sky Green, n.d.). This people-private-public (3P) collaboration resulted in the development of multi-layer troughs in a rotating A-frame vertical structure using hydraulic and gravitational principals and the birth of the world’s first low carbon footprint vertical farming system. The system was first test-bedded with the production of tropical leafy vegetables and proved to be a resounding success. The results were announced and publicised on 28 Jan 2011, and commercial operation began in 2012.

Sky Greens endeavours to becoming the world leading solution provider for integrated, sustainable and green urban agriculture technology. Sky Green’s mission statement is a combination of three missions that inform strategies and decisions. In summary form, the company’s mission statement is “to focus on strategic projects to achieve food self-sufficiency, while ensuring sustainability and conservation of resources.” Thus, the company’s mission statement is three-fold. The details of Sky Green’s mission statement’s three points are as follows:

To constantly provide improved agricultural solutions with minimal impact on land, water and energy resources through invention and innovation.
To help cities actualise food supply security and food safety targets.
To promote and enable seamless integration of low carbon footprint agriculture into urban living.

Sky Green has received not one but four awards as well as accreditations. At the Ministry of National Development (MND) Urban Sustainability R&D Congress in June 2011, Sky Greens together with AVA won the Minister for National Development’s R&D Award 2011 (Merit Award) for Vertical Farming, an innovative and green solution addressing national urban food sustainability challenges for Singapore. In July 2012, Sky Greens and AVA jointly showcased the vertical farming system at the World Cities Summit 2012, under the theme “Liveable and Sustainable Cities – integrated Urban Solutions”. The innovation attracted interests from international representatives from the private sector as well as numerous government agencies from all over the world. In October 2014, we are proud to be honoured with the Singapore Sustainability Awards 2014 by the Singapore Business Federation. In August 2015, we were announced one of the 5 winners of the INDEX: Award 2015, the world’s biggest design award. The 5 winners were selected out of a total of 1123 nominations received from 72 countries. Sky Urban Solution’s Sky Greens Vertical Farming System emerged winner in the “Work” category.Sky Greens Vertical Farming System was also included in 2015 Sustainia 100 which features the most forefront in sustainability innovation. Sustainia 100 is published by Sustainia, a sustainability think tank working to scale the deployment of innovative solutions and provide industries and organizations with a shortcut to sustainable transformation.

SWOT ANALYSIS

STRENGTH

As one of the leading companies in its industry, Sky Green has numerous strengths that enable it to thrive in the market place. These strengths not only help it to protect the market share in existing markets but also help in penetrating new markets. One of the strengths of Sky Green is a strong distribution network. Over the years Sky Green has built a reliable distribution network that can reach majority of its potential market. Good Returns on Capital Expenditure as well as Highly skilled workforce through successful training and learning programs are also some of it many strengths. SkyGreen is investing huge resources in training and development of its employees resulting in a workforce that is not only highly skilled but also motivated to achieve more. Successful track record of integrating complimentary firms through mergers & acquisition. Sky Green has superb Performance in New Markets. It has built expertise at entering new markets and making success of them. The expansion has helped the organization to build new revenue stream and diversify the economic cycle risk in the markets it operates in. Lastly, the company with its dedicated customer relationship management department has able to achieve a high level of customer satisfaction among present customers and good brand equity among the potential customers.

WEAKNESS

Weakness are the areas where Sky Greens can improve upon. Strategy is about making choices and weakness are the areas where a firm can improve using SWOT analysis and build on its competitive advantage and strategic positioning. Limited success outside core business is a major issue. Even though Sky Green is one of the leading organizations in its industry it has faced challenges in moving to other product segments with its present culture. Furthermore, Investment in Research and Development is below the fastest growing players in the industry. Even though Sky Green is spending above the industry average on Research and Development, it has not been able to compete with the leading players in the industry in terms of innovation. Organization structure is only compatible with present business model thus limiting expansion in adjacent product segments. There are gaps in the product range sold by the company. This lack of choice can give a new competitor a foothold in the market.

OPPORTUNITIES

Opportunities are external variables that might provide a business with a competitive edge. It seeks to provide answers to questions like, “What technologies can we utilize to enhance operations?”, “Can we extend our main business?”, “What additional market segments can we investigate?” (THOMPSON, 2018). Government green drive also opens an opportunity for procurement of Sky products by the state as well as federal government contractors. The market development will lead to dilution of competitor’s advantage and enable Sky to increase its competitiveness compare to the other competitors. The new technology provides an opportunity to Sky to practices differentiated pricing strategy in the new market. It will enable the firm to maintain its loyal customers with great service and lure new customers through other value-oriented propositions.

THREAT

changing consumer buying behavior from online channel could be a threat to the existing physical infrastructure driven supply chain model. New technologies developed by the competitor or market disruptor could be a serious threat to the industry in medium to long term future. lastly, Intense competition. Stable profitability has increased the number of players in the industry over last two years which has put downward pressure on not only profitability but also on overall sales.

PESTLE ANALYSIS

PESTLE studies consider the Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal, and Environmental aspects that influence the success of a business, organization, or nation. The United Arab Emirates, or UAE, is a wealthy Middle Eastern country on the Arabian Peninsula. In 2014, the UAE has one of the top 25 Gross Domestic Products per capita. The majority of this country’s wealth is derived from the export of oil and other fossil fuels, with secondary revenue sources emerging elsewhere in industry or tourism.

POLITICAL

As a system of administration and governance, the UAE adheres to constitutional monarchy. Every state’s ruler is a ruler, and they all serve on the Federal Supreme Council. The President of the UAE is appointed by the council of the seven nations. The UAE wields considerable influence and power in Middle Eastern and global affairs. The nation has developed commercial and diplomatic ties with a number of countries.The UAE has positive economic connections with a number of nations across the world.

ECONOMIC

According to an estimate, the annual nominal GDP (gross domestic product) of UAE in 2020 was 353.899 billion dollars, and it’s 35th world’s highest. Out of which, per capita income of the gulf country was 41,476 dollars, and it’s 19th world’s highest (Shaw, 2021). UAE falls under the category of those countries that have the world’s highest GDP and per capita income. The economic growth and abundance of natural resources have attracted a lot of foreign direct investment.

SOCIAL

UAE is the only modern and liberal country in the Gulf region, and the country has successfully integrated with many other developed countries for the past two decades (BUSH, 2016). It has helped the country to develop an image of an Asian business hub in the international market. UAE has a population of more than 9.89 million people. The Emirati national comprises 20% of the total population. However, the average life of men and women in the UAE is 76 and 78 years. The official and majority religion of the country is Islam. Arabic is the country’s official language.

TECHNOLOGICAL

According to an estimate, Emirati nationals are highly active over the internet and they spend approximately 3 hours of their time daily on social media. Roundabout 82% of her people have Facebook’s profile. However, Tumblr, Pinterest, LinkedIn, Instagram, YouTube, and Twitter are some of the popular social media platforms. UAE launched a space program in 2014 for sustainable space progress in the region. The country allocates an annual budget of 5.2 billion dollars for the space project. ICT, nuclear science, and life science are some of the other main growth areas.

LEGAL

UAE’s labor law deals with all the employees’ contracts, wages, salaries, and vacations. It applies to all the people living in the region regardless of their nationalities. A working day legally comprises 8 hours and 48 hours a week. However, UAE is the safest country in the region, and it has the lowest crime rate.

ENVIRONMENTAL

UAE is one of the world’s top tourist destinations and the tourism industry brings billions of investments annually into the country. Versatile cuisines, theme parks, historical ruins, crystal clear beaches, skyscraper buildings, shopping malls, luxury hotels, and a splendid balance between religious culture and modernity attract millions of tourists from across the globe. This country has quite a hot, dry climate, which can result in many different things. For example, productivity might be slightly lower, farming is not so easy, and air conditioners have the potential to sell well. The UAE also finds itself near a few coastal areas, allowing for easier trade by sea.

PORTER’S FIVE FORCES

COMPETITION IN THE INDUSTRY

Potential competitors may be across the road, across the nation or across the ocean. The threat of entry depends on the height of barriers like the extent to which established firms have scale economies, the extent to which established firms enjoy a market or cost advantage over potential entrants, high capital requirements for new entrants, the extent to which established firms have better access to distribution channels for inputs and outputs, the extent to which government regulations restrict entry, and the extent to which established firms have brand name loyalty with customers (Cunnah, 2020).

Bargaining Power of Suppliers

Suppliers are a threat to firm and industry profitability when they are able to increase the price of their product or affect the quantity and quality of the products supplied. Fewer suppliers mean they have greater power. Improved communication technology has taken away the power of many local suppliers. The recent mergers of suppliers and the consolidation of input technologies, such as seeds and pesticides, have increased the suppliers’ bargaining power with farmer-customers, as well as changed the competitive pressures within the input industries.

Bargaining Power of Buyers

The number of buyers has a very large impact on how the market works. Fewer buyers mean they have greater power. If sellers cannot easily ship their products to other markets, or they do not have price information from other markets, a few local buyers can have considerable power even though the total number of buyers is large in the broader market. In ways similar to suppliers, buyers have power if they are few in number or a few buy a large percentage of the product in the market, products are undifferentiated commodities, or buyers could integrate backwards in the value chain.

Substitute Products and Services

Substitute products limit the price that producers can seek or ask for without losing customers to those substitutes. Competitive pressure comes from the attempts of the producers of the substitutes to win buyers to their products. The advertising campaigns of the pork, beef, and poultry industries are an obvious example of the competitive pressures due to substitute animal protein products; each industry feels forced to advertise to keep customers and cannot charge as much as they would like without pushing their customers into buying other products.

Technology

Changes in technology can have a large impact on the production of and demand for a service or product of a firm. The risk from technological change depends on the size and the role of technology in the industry, as well as the speed of technical change. Advances in technology can be disruptive; they can cause leaps that leave users of old technology far behind. The expected lifespan or change in technology can put businesses on the treadmill of continually having to retool to keep up with their competitors.

VRIO ANALYSIS

VRIO is an abbreviation that stands for a four-question framework that includes value, rarity, imitability, and organization. It stands for Value, Rarity, imitability and organization (Smith, n.d.). Some aspects of sky garden include:

Space saving -The footprint of the vertical system is small but yet can produce significantly more per unit area than traditional farms.
Easy to install and easy to maintain – The modular A-frame rotary system allows quick installation and easy maintenance.
Consistent and reliable harvest – Steady supply of fresh leafy vegetables is assured as growing is done in a controlled environment.
Vegetables tastes good – Tropical leafy vegetables are grown in special soil-based media, which contribute to good tasting vegetables, suitable for stir-fry and soups.
Increases productivity – The production yield of Sky Greens Farm is 5 to 10 times more per unit area compared to other traditional farms growing leafy vegetables using conventional methods in Singapore.

FDI ANALYSIS

A foreign direct investment (FDI) is an investment made by a company or individual in one nation into commercial interests in another (Chen, 2021). The production yield of Sky Greens Farm is 5 to 10 times greater per unit of area than traditional Singaporean farms that growing leafy vegetables in a conventional fashion. Furthermore, the modular A-frame rotary system allows quick installation and easy maintenance. Automation increases the productivity of workers per ton of vegetables grown. The footprint of the vertical system is small but can produce significantly more per unit area than traditional farms. It can also be customized to suit different crop requirements and varying environments. This means that it will be cost effective and will also bring about maximum profit to the UAE if chosen to join their free zone.

References

BUSH, T., 2016. A PESTLE Analysis of The UAE. [Online]
Available at: https://pestleanalysis.com/pestle-analysis-of-uae/
[Accessed 22 July 2021].

Chen, J., 2021. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). [Online]
Available at: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/fdi.asp
[Accessed 22 July 2021].

Cunnah, l., 2020. Advantages of Porter’s Five Forces Model and why you should be using it. [Online]
Available at: https://www.ayoa.com/ourblog/advantages-of-porters-five-forces-model-and-why-you-should-be-using-it/
[Accessed 22 July 2021].

Shaw, A. A., 2021. PESTLE Analysis of UAE. [Online]
Available at: https://swotandpestleanalysis.com/pestle-analysis-of-uae/
[Accessed 22 July 2021].

Sky Green, n.d. [Online]
Available at: https://www.skygreens.com/about-skygreens/
[Accessed 22 July 2021].

Smith, R., n.d. Explaining The VRIO Framework (With A Real-Life Example). [Online]
Available at: https://www.clearpointstrategy.com/vrio-framework/
[Accessed 22 July 2021].

THOMPSON, A., 2018. Caterpillar Inc. Vision, Mission, Intensive Strategy, Five Forces, SWOT. [Online]
Available at: http://panmore.com/caterpillar-inc-strategic-analysis-vision-mission-swot
[Accessed 22 July 2021].

Criminology utilitarianism

Criminology utilitarianism Jeremy Bentham’s ethical theory was an attempt to measure happiness and goodness in order to meet the scientific method’s requirements. Empirical, quantitative, verifiable, and repeatable ethics were required throughout time and place (Tardi, 2020). Bentham despised religious authority and railed against natural rights in a reply to the Declaration of Independence. All social values and government laws should strive to provide the greatest pleasure for the largest number of people, according to Bentham’s basic premise, which underpins utilitarianism. As a result, utilitarianism emphasizes the effects or ultimate aim of an act over the actor’s character, motive, or the specific circumstances surrounding the act. It has the following characteristics: universality, in that it applies to all acts of human behavior, including those that appear to be motivated by altruism; objectivity, in that it operates outside of individual thought, desire, and perspective; rationality, in that it is not based on metaphysics or theology; and quantifiability, in that it is based on utility.

Capitalism

Capitalism produces both good and bad outcomes, and crime is regarded as a negative outcome. Excessive capitalism may create anger, competition, and passion among various social classes. As capitalism grows, so does crime. Both libertarians and gun owners agree with this assertion, and they expect crime to rise as deregulations rise, just as capitalism does. By balancing capitalism with various types of socialism, the amount of crime created by capitalism is reduced. Making society more equitable will diminish feelings of frustration, wrath, and competition, as well as the amount of individuals who believe they are losers or failures. An equal society is recognized to have lower crime rates, whereas an uneven society is known to have higher crime rates.

Developmental disabilities

I think that some criminal conduct is caused by developmental impairments, and that persons with developmental disabilities have intrinsic traits that make them more vulnerable in the criminal justice system. The right treatment for a person with developmental impairments who has been charged or convicted of a crime is a constant battle for society. Italian psychiatrist Cesare Lombroso proposed that criminals were atavistic, basically evolutionary throwbacks (SCCJR, n.d. pp.2). He said that their brains were underdeveloped or incomplete. Lombroso claimed that criminality was a result of biology and biological traits: criminals were born with certain qualities. Lombroso’s thesis is essentially a biological positivism theory. Biological ideas have continued to evolve. Modern methods focus on Biochemical circumstances, Neurophysiological conditions, Genetic inheritance and/or abnormalities, and Intelligence rather than assessing physical characteristics of the body. These efforts to pinpoint the causes of crime within the individual show that offenders and non-offenders have distinguishable characteristics. To put it another way, the criminal is different or odd in some manner from everyone else.

Personality

Many types of behavior, including criminal activity, are influenced by one’s personality. The words antisocial personality, psychopathy, and sociopath are interchangeable. Sociopaths are frequently the result of a toxic family environment. Psychopaths are the result of an internal flaw or aberration. Low levels of guilt, superficial charm, above-average intelligence, repeated breaches of others’ rights, inability to build lasting relationships, and shallow emotions are all characteristics of the antisocial personality. Traumatic socialization, neurological disorders, and brain abnormalities are all possible causes. It’s worth noting that many repeat offenders are sociopaths. As a result, if personality features may predict crime and violence, one would conclude that the fundamental cause of crime lies in the factors that shape human development from a young age.

social status and crime

In a variety of ways, social status and crime are linked. People from lower socioeconomic classes are more likely to be arrested, convicted, and imprisoned for crimes than those from higher socioeconomic classes. Affluent people are less likely to be arrested and convicted of crimes, despite the fact that their illegal conduct may cost society more money. Many criminological theories have looked at the link between economic issues and crime, including the impacts of poverty on stress, the influence of growing up in a poor area, poverty culture, and the structure and enforcement of laws and the judicial system. Rational Choice Theory, Biological and Biosocial Theories, Social Learning Theory, and Labeling Theory are some of the theories that have been proposed. In my opinion, the rational choice theory can be used to eradicate classism in criminal justice. It implies that the decision to commit a crime is based on a reasonable cost-benefit analysis (KSU, n.d.). This approach stresses punishment as the most effective way of deterring criminal behavior: Individuals will determine that crime is not worth it if the cost is sufficiently greater than the benefit.

References

Carla Tardi, (2020). Utilitarianism. Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/u/utilitarianism.asp

SCCJR, (n.d.). Theories and causes of crime. University of Glasgow. http://www.sccjr.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/SCCJR-Causes-of-Crime.pdf

Kent State University, (n.d.). Major criminology theories and how they affect Policy. https://onlinedegrees.kent.edu/sociology/criminal-justice/community/criminal-behavior-theories